Personality Attributes free essay sample

Locus of controlâ is a hypothesis inâ personality psychologyâ referring to the degree to which people accept that they can control occasions that influence them. Comprehension of the idea was created by Julian B. Rotterâ in 1954, and has since become a part of character considers. A people locus (Latin for spot or area) is conceptualized as either inner (the individual accepts they can control their life) or outer (which means they accept that their choices and life are constrained by natural elements which they can't impact). People with a high interior locus of control accept that occasions throughout their life get essentially from their own activities; for instance, if an individual with an inner locus of control doesn't proceed just as they needed to on a test, they would accuse absence of readiness on their part. In the event that they performed well on a test, they would ascribe this to capacity to examine. We will compose a custom article test on Character Attributes or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page [1]. In the test-execution model, if an individual with a high outer locus of control does inadequately on a test, they may credit this to the trouble of the test questions. On the off chance that they performed well on a test, they may think the educator was indulgent or that they were fortunate. [1] Those with a high inside locus of control show better control of their behavior[citation needed], will in general be all the more politically involved[citation needed]â and are bound to endeavor to impact others than are those with an outside locus of control. [citation needed] They likewise dole out more noteworthy probability to their endeavors being effective, and all the more effectively look for data concerning their circumstance. [citation needed] Locus of control has created a lot of examination in an assortment of territories in brain science. The develop is material to fields, for example, instructive brain science, wellbeing brain science or clinical brain research. There will most likely keep on being banter about whether explicit or progressively worldwide proportions of locus of control will end up being increasingly helpful. Cautious qualifications ought to likewise be made between locus of control (an idea connected with hopes about the future) and attributional style (an idea connected with clarifications for past results), or between locus of control and ideas, for example, self-viability. The significance of locus of control as a point in brain science is probably going to remain very integral for a long time. Locus of control has likewise been incorporated as one of four measurements ofâ core self-evaluationsâ †ones key examination of oneself †along withâ neuroticism,â self-viability, andâ self-regard. [2] The idea of center self-assessments was first inspected by Judge, Locke, and Durham (1997), and since has demonstrated to be able to anticipate a few work results, explicitly, work fulfillment and occupation execution 2. Machiavelllianism: Machiavellianism is likewise a term that some social and personalityâ psychologistsâ use to portray a people propensity to be genuinely cool and segregated, and along these lines increasingly ready to withdraw from regular profound quality and toâ deceiveâ andâ manipulateâ others. During the 1960s, Richard Christie and Florence L. Geis built up a test for estimating a people level of Machiavellianism. Estimated on the Mach-IV scale, guys are on normal somewhat more Machiavellian than femalesâ [6]â [8]. Inspiration: A 1992 audit portrayed Machiavellian inspiration as identified with cold narrow-mindedness and unadulterated instrumentality, and those high on the characteristic were accepted to seek after their thought processes (e. g. sex, accomplishment, sociality) in misleading ways. Later exploration on the inspirations of high Machs contrasted with low Machs found that they gave high need to cash, force, and rivalry and moderately low need to network building, self esteem, and family concerns. High Machs confessed to concentrating on unmitigated accomplishment and succeeding at any expense. Because of their aptitude at relational control, there has frequently been a presumption that high Machs have unrivaled insight, or capacity to comprehend others in social circumstances. Nonetheless, research has immovably settled that Machiavellianism is inconsequential to IQ. Besides, considers onâ emotional intelligenceâ have saw that high Machiavellianism really tends as related with low enthusiastic knowledge as surveyed by both execution and poll measures. Both compassion and feeling acknowledgment have been appeared to have negative connections with Machiavellianism. Furthermore, research has demonstrated that Machiavellianism is irrelevant to a further developed hypothesis of psyche, that is, the capacity to envision what others are thinking in social circumstances. On the off chance that high Machs really are talented at controlling others this has all the earmarks of being inconsequential to any unique intellectual capacities as such Self regard: Self-esteemâ is a term inâ psychologyâ to reflect aâ persons generally speaking assessment or examination of their own value. On the other hand, low self-screens don't partake, in a similar way, in expressive control and don't have comparable worry for situational fittingness. Low self-screens will in general show expressive controls harmonious with their own inward states; I. e. beliefs,â attitudes, andâ dispositionsâ regardless of social condition. Low self-screens are regularly less perceptive of social setting and consider communicating a self-introduction unique from their inward states as a lie and unfortunate.

Why the United States Did Not Ratify the Treaty of Versaille essays

Why the United States Did Not Ratify the Treaty of Versaille papers In November of 1918, Germany consented to the proposed peace negotiation, finishing World War I. They accepted that the harmony would be liberal, and dependent on Wilsons Fourteen Points. They were in for a staggering shock. What both Germany and President Wilson didnt expect were conspicuous world pioneers following up on sentiments of covetousness, instead of what might be helpful for the Worlds individuals. The Worlds chiefs were not excited with Wilson either, considering him a pretentious pioneer who just professed to stress over all humanity. It was said by Premier Georges Clemenceau of France Wilson exhausts me with his Fourteen Points! Why, God Almighty has just ten! Obviously, things turned out poorly from the beginning. As much as Wilson needed to sanction the Treaty of Versailles and Join in forestalling future world clashes, the resistance was awfully extraordinary. The Treaty of Versailles was drafted in Paris, France by the individuals who had come to be known as the enormous four, or the pioneers of the four united forces during WWI: Prime Minister David Lloyd George of Great Britain, Premier Vittorio Orlando of Italy, the affore referenced Premier Clemenceau of France, and, obviously, President Wilson. Every one of the three European pioneers appeared to be set on getting however much land and riches as could reasonably be expected out of the war, and rebuffing the foe however much as could reasonably be expected. Every one of the three nations endured gigantic misfortune, monetary and something else, as the war was battled in their patios, and they werent going to overlook. They saw Wilsons perspective on ensuring everybody gets out with a grin all over as an oblivious assessment of somebody who hadnt looked at the foe without flinching, yet they werent stressed over the arrangement, since they knew whether Wilson didn't sign it, war will u ndoubtedly happen once more, and very soon. Wilson knew as well, and he offered legitimately to the individuals of America. The individuals of America had altogether different perspectives ... <!

you still need more information COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

you still need more information COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The final application deadline is approaching (February 5). If you have questions about whether this is the right program for you, come to an information session.  We have scheduled four more on-campus sessions about  SIPAs two year full time MIA and MPA degree programs this month There is a  session tomorrow ( January, 17)  from 12pm to 1:30pm.   If you are in town, drop by. After our January 31 information session, we will take a short recruitment hiatus during our heaviest application reading period.   Of course, we are still around for walk-ins and well be back hosting on-campus sessions in late February/early March.  Be sure to check the Recruitment schedule on our website for further details. For questions, please contact the Admissions Office at 212-854-6216 or at sipa_admission@columbia.edu.

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Preserving Innocence in J.D. Salinger´s The Catcher in the...

Growing up is a complicated and emotional phase that everyone has to experience. Our innocence is like a mask that blinds us from perceiving life as it really is. As we grow up, we lose our sense of innocence and begin to see the world differently. In the book The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, Holden Caulfield is a teenage boy who fears maturity for himself and the children around him. The theme of innocence is found throughout the novel, as Holden struggles to protect the innocence of children from the superficiality and shallowness of the adult world. The theme of innocence is illustrated when Holden visits the Museum of Natural History. Holden’s thoughts at the museum show that he is overwhelmed by the change and complexity of growing up. Holden enjoys being at the museum because it is a consistent and predictable place, and he knows what to expect every time he visits it. â€Å"The best thing, though, in that museum was that everything always stayed right where it was. Nobody’d move† (121). Holden wishes that life could be just like the museum, where all the figures and displays stayed exactly the same. If life never changes, people would never have to grow up, and children would be able to remain innocent forever. â€Å"Certain things they should stay the way they are. You ought to be able to stick them in one of those big glass cases and just leave them alone† (122). In this quote, Holden is specifically referring to children. According to him, all adults are phony andShow MoreRelatedCatcher In The Rye Analysis1434 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican literature is full of classic novels containing heroic protagonists; Holden Caulfield of The Catcher in the Rye is not one of these classic heroes. The article Some Crazy Cliff by Arthur Heiserman and James E. Miller Jr. provides one interpretation of the novel suggesting that the protagonist is unique compared to others commonly found in American literature; most heroes are seeking acceptance while Holden is seeking something within the society he is trying to leave. The novel follows HoldenRead MoreJ.b. Salinger s The Catcher s The Rye 1319 Words   |  6 PagesJ.D. Salinger’s Use of Symbolism in The Catcher in the Rye J.D. Salinger is well known for his works. His most famous being The Catcher in the Rye. Two other of his famous works include Nine stories and Franny and Zooey. J.D Salinger is also well known for his sense of humor that he includes inside of his books. The Catcher in the Rye has become an essential work to be studied in academic literature and its course of study. This book entails many uses of symbolism throughout theRead MoreLord Of The Flies, By William Golding And The Perks Of Being A Wallflower1087 Words   |  5 Pagesread The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger over the summer. A Separate Peace explores the rivalry that can lie at the heart of many friendships and conveys the concept of individuality rather than conformity. Similarly, The Catcher in the Rye is the story of a teenage boy who despises the phoniness of society and fears becoming just another phony adult. Both novels share similar characteristics including their utilization of literary devices as well as protagonists who battle with preserving theirRead More Innocence In The Catcher In The Rye by J.D. Salinger Essay examples1412 Words   |  6 Pages In J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher In The Rye, Holden Caulfield, a seventeen-year-old boy, transitions from childhood to adulthood. The death of Holden’s little brother signifies the beginning his loss of innocence and growth of maturity. As he enters adulthood, Holden views society differently from his peers by characterizing most of his peers and adults he meets as â€Å"phonies.† Thus, Holden takes the impossible challenge of preserving the innocence in children because he wants to prevent childrenRead MoreCatcher in the Rye4413 Words   |  18 PagesThe Catcher in the Rye â€Å"Is The Catcher in the Rye, as a work of literature still relevant for today’s youth?† Name: Sara Sigurdson Course: English A1 Supervisor: Mr. Peter Steadman Word count: 3851 Candidate number: 00136022 Table of Contents Content Page Number Abstract 3 Introduction 4 The Actual Catcher in the Rye 4 The Sexual Matter 5 The Caulfield Family 6 Narrator and Protagonist 8 Role Model 9 Mr. Antolini 10 Targeted Audience 10 Guidance 12 Read MoreHolden Caulfield s The Catcher Of The Rye1928 Words   |  8 PagesIn The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, Holden Caulfield’s story is seemingly aimless and without any sense of direction. However, Salinger brings the novel into focus in the final chapters by introducing the idea of being the â€Å"Catcher in the Rye† from the poem by Robert Burns. Salinger chose the name â€Å"Catcher in the Rye† for the title of his novel, but why? The answer is that Salinger wanted to emphasize the connection between Holden, the main character, and the cryptic â€Å"Catcher.† Holden confessesRead MoreInnocence Is The Quality Of Being Free From Guilt, Sin Or Moral Wrong1293 Words   |  6 PagesInnocence is the quality of being free from guilt, sin or moral wrong. A synonym for the word child is innocent . This broad concept of childhood innocence is thoroughly explored through its significance throughout The Catcher In The Rye by J.D. Sali nger. It exposes the theme of the coming of age, as well as the circumstances that accompany it, all revolving around the loss of innocence. The protagonist, Holden Claufield, is an open-minded yet phony individual whom experiences this loss himself

In the start of the play, Othello, Iago is professing his...

In the start of the play, Othello, Iago is professing his hatred for Othello, for giving the lieutenant position to Cassio over himself. Shakespeare uses this hatred to show that Cassio is clearly favored in the army, because he is very inexperienced for the promotion, and is probably a sweet-talker that others usually enjoy their presence. Cassio and Iago are foil characters to each other; a foil is a character is one that shows qualities that are in contrast with the qualities of another character with the objective to highlight the traits of the other character. Iago is very self-motivated, devious, and is a ringleader for trouble. In contrast, Cassio is respectful, polite toward women, and truthful. William Shakespeare introduces†¦show more content†¦In addition, Cassio is respectful and a gentleman towards women, especially Desdemona. When approaching her he greets her as, â€Å"the divine Desdemona† (II.i.80). He describes her as, â€Å"that paragons descriptio n and wild fame/ One that excels the quirks of blazoning pens† (II.i.68-69). Basically saying her beauty is to perfect to describe and grasp. He praises her instead of lusting after her. Although this is one of the best qualities a man could have toward a woman, Iago is going to play the puppeteer and manipulate this quality Cassio has to get revenge on Othello for not promoting him. In contrast, Iago lusts after women in a very beastial and aggressive manner. â€Å" Even now, now very now, an old black ram/ Is tupping your white ewe† (I.i.97-98). When spilling the truth about Othello and Desdemona’s marriage, he screams up to her father’s window howling inappropiate, racial, and beastial description that proves his lust and sexuality toward woman. This once again foreshadows that Iago is willing to take the respectful and honest Cassio down as long as he get what he wants in the end, Desdemona. William Shakespeare introduces Cassio as an honest and respe ctful man in order to juxtapose the villainous and revenge-seeking Iago through foil characters. William Shakespeare is trying to foreshadow the fall of Cassio for being too much of a nice guy and trusting others. He will fall within the scheme of Iago, toShow MoreRelatedWhat Is an Essay?1440 Words   |  6 PagesBuscemi Essay #3 Rough Draft An essay is a creative written piece in which the author uses different styles such as diction, tone, pathos, ethos or logos to communicate a message to the reader using either a personal experience, filled with morals and parables, or a informative text filled with educational terms. Educational terms could mean the usage of complicated and elevated words or simply information you would get in schools. 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Strategies For Achieving Hand Hygiene In A Clinical Setting†Free Samp

Question: Discuss about the Strategies For Achieving Hand Hygiene In A Clinical Setting. Answer: Introduction In every clinical setting, a safe delivery of healthcare is essential to enable a positive outcome for the patients and nurses. Clinical risk management helps in improving safe delivery and the quality of healthcare, as it introduces systems which aid in the identification and prevention of circumstances that can put patients at risk of any harm (Whitcomb, 2014). The knowledge and role of nurses in the management of clinical risks are hence very important so as to enable the identification of any possible risks not only to the patient but also to the general clinical setting. The aim of this paper is to show a clear demonstration of the evaluation and understanding regarding the role of nurse leadership based on managing clinical risks as well as the Australian Commission for Quality and Safety in the healthcare standards forAustralians. The paper focuses on the identification of relevant strategies that can be adopted within a clinical setting to improve the compliance of hand hygie ne and the implications of nurses in ensuring thatthe identified strategies are implemented. Strategies for Effective hand Hygiene According to Stock et al. (2016), healthcare-associated infections often occur when the disease-causing organisms are transferred when the hands of healthcare providers come into contact with patients and the infected areas during the process of duty. The same study points out that most of the common infections are related to surgical sites and urinary tract infections while infections of the bloodstream and pneumonia occur as a result of multi-drug resistant germs like MRSA. On the other hand, Waltman et al. (2011) denote that in every 100 patients hospitalized in a clinical setting, at least ten in developing countries and seven in developed countries will often acquire infections associated with healthcare. However, the figure often rises to thirty perhundredadmitted patients. For these reasons, Alemagno et al. (2011) indicate that practicing effective and continuous hand hygiene is essential in reducing these infections as well as any possible spread of antimicrobial resistance w ithin the workplace. With the increase in the level of resistance to key medicine and antibiotics in healthcare settings, Pan et al. (2016) point out that it is more necessary than ever to aim to reduce the number of avoidable hospital infections. As a result, prevention of cross-transmission of disease-causing germs is the best way of reducing the number of infections of this kind, as well as antimicrobial resistance. Ensuring hand hygiene is one essential strategy that can be adopted in a healthcare setting to protect staff from the related infections thus preventing the spread of resistant germs. Mortland (2016) also denotes that infection control and prevention is one of the key policy pillars recommended by the Australian Commission for Quality and Safety to combat the growing challenge of antimicrobial resistance. Other pillars recommended by the organization include appropriate and relevant national disease policies and plans as well as improving the surveillance of the pathogens causing resistant infections. The organization also recommends an uninterrupted access to high-quality and essential medication, proper use of prescribed medicine the patients, in addition to more training and research on new treatment developments. For effective hand hygiene strategies, the compliance by the Australian Commission for Quality and Safety consists of five major components. These include ensuring that the healthcare providers have access to alcohol-based hand rub for disinfection during hand washing, education and training forhealthcare workers on the essential times in the healthcare for hand hygiene, effective monitoring and feedback on compliance, creating a culture of attention to the safety of both healthcare workers and patients within healthcare institutions, and the use of visual reminders at different points of care in the workplace. In this scenario, the hand hygiene strategies recommended for healthcare include; Education: In many cases, Chhapola and Brar (2011) denote that many people often suffer due to a lack of understanding on the essentiality of hand hygiene,both inhospitalsand residences alike. Despite knowing the importance of hand hygiene in a clinical setting and the risks involved when it is not practiced, most clinical staff only practice hand washing after some specific procedures while ignoring other vital but risky roles within the healthcare setting. In a systematic review, Rahim and Barnett (2011) point out that the knowledge on hand hygiene should not be ignored despite medical staff having a professional awareness of the risks involved. According to the Australian Commission for Quality and Safety guidelines, hand washing should be practiced in five key areas when working with patients and preferably using an alcohol-based rub as a detergent or soap with water in a visibly dirty hand. Hands should be washed before touching any patients; before any cleaning or aseptic procedure, after the nurses contact withbody fluids, subsequent to touching a patient, and after touching the surrounding environment where the patient isin. The aforementionedstrategies of the Australian Commission for Quality and Safety are recommended by the Joint Commission International,the European and the US Centers for Disease Control, and all other health professional guidelines. In their review, Aunger and Schmidt (2012) also point out that these compliance guidelines to hand washing and hygiene have been implemented globally in over 15700 clinical settings in over 168 countries globally. The same study denotes that over 68 governments have based their hand hygiene campaigns on these guidelines. Installation of stainless steel sinks in designated areas of the hospital for hand-washing: The uses of stainless steelclinical sinks are some common healthcare fixtures known in hospitals and healthcare. According to Marques (2017), the sinks have a hard metallic surface that reduces the ability of the bacteria to adhere to the walls and survive when properly maintained, hence reducing the chances of microorganisms and molds that can cause infections. The same study denotes that it is often the first choice for use in strict hygienic conditions due to its cleanabilitythus recommended for hospital installations and healthcare. The use of Medi Sinks (figure 1) can also be adapted for easy use and maintenance, as it offers accessible facility for hand-washing, at a lower cost than what could have been quoted for installing plumbing materials (Deyneko et al., 2016). The strategy will also enable the organization to meet the requirement for hand-washing as per the Australian Commission for Quality and Safety guidelines for body art and personal care for healthcare providers. These sinks are easy to access, use, and maintain and often used as a cost-effective solution for hospitals with low budget according to Lorenzi (2017). Kotay et al. (2017) also denote that the sinks can be fixed or positioned at any appropriate location giving the users flexibility thus allowing the hand-wash basin to be placed where it is needed. Strategic relationship with the national standards and how they will increase compliance In their study, Lee and Greig (2010) signify that infections are often caused by various factors that are related to processes and systems of care provision and human behavior. These behaviors are often conditioned by economic, political, and educational constraints in addition to societal beliefs and norms. However, most of these infections are often preventive according to Kotay et al. (2017). The same studyshows that hand hygiene is the primary measure that should be adopted in hospitals, workplaces, and residential areas to reduce preventable infections. In their study, Rahim and Barnett (2011) denotethat proper hand hygiene compliance is a major challenge faced by many global healthcare providers. As a result, many approaches and strategies are recommended that can influence hand hygiene compliance in addition to new approaches and promotional strategies (Duval, 2010). In the case study, education will help in creating awareness amongst staff and the public who interact within the organization. Through education, they will have a clear evaluation and understanding of the nature of disease transmission while nurses will be more updated on drug resistance infections that can be easily prevented through simple but regular hand-washing. Education will also help in advocating for other essential health compliance guidelines that might have been neglected by staff but can have a direct or indirect effect on their health as well as that of the patient. The management of the organization together with the staff will also have education forums, campaigns, and events that will not only help them to adopt change within the organization, but would also encourage the public (visitors, patients, friends, and families) to practice hand-washing in their residences. According to the Australian Commission for Quality and Safety guidelines, health and safety of the staff and patients should be the number one goal of every healthcare provider or organization. As a result, the resources and facilities that are vital for achieving this standard should always be safe and accessible to all within the healthcare facility as per Kotay et al. (2017). Adapting the use of sinks within the organization is necessary while the management should always ensure that the sinks have safe and clean water constantly running for hand-washing at all times. As the sinks are placed or fixed in accessible locations with alcohol-based detergent or soap, the service is made available to for use to ensure hand hygiene and hence increases the compliance as per the guidelines. Implications for Professional Nursing Practice in the Implementation of the Strategies According to Tsalik et al. (2011), hand hygiene is considered among the most important measures that should be adopted in both clinical and residential settings with the aim of preventing the spread of infections. Research proves that one in five hospitals do not fully comply with the strategies and guidelines recommended for healthcare settings (Duval, 2010). However, Barrow, Mehler, and Price (2012) refute this claim by blaming the management of these organizations for their failure to ensure these strategies are in place. According to him, the commitment of leadership in hand hygiene should be engaging and visible to the public and the organization through hand hygiene education, formal communication, event sponsorships, and promotions. However, professional nursing practices often view hand hygiene as a common-sense concept refuting the saying common sense is not common for everybody. In this case, the Nursing Unit Department should establish continuous and periodical monitoring and report on the rate of infections such as the emerging drug-resistant pathogens and tracking endemics that are related to hand hygiene for nurses and patients. In his study, Kingston, O'Connell, and Dunne (2017) denote that it is an essential aspect of the professional nursing practices to help in creating a multidisciplinary response and design team led by the senior leaders within the organization with the aim of making emphasis on the commitment of the organization towards hand hygiene compliance. Such a multidisciplinary response is essential for providing a base of training and education for the patients, staff, visitors, and families as well as creating awareness on hand hygiene through brochures, instructive posters, and pocket cards as pointed out by Lee and Greig (2010). With sinks designed at strategic points within the clinical setting, training and awareness strategies, the use of the sinks for hand-washing before and after essential produces will increase. With the help of leadership, professional nurses should also ensure that relevant resources for hand hygiene can be easily accessed throughout the organizations including corridors for patient care, exits and entrance points of the staff and patient rooms. In a systematic review, Whitcomb (2014) denotes that making the hand hygiene resources available helps in reinforcing the accountability and behavioral adoption for hand-washing not only among the staff but even the public (patients, visitors, and families). The same study denotes that other organizations have often been successful in conducting various contests and later recognizing the healthcare workers and medical staff who comply with the hand hygiene guidelines. Ford et al. (2014) also assert that there is a need of developing a continuous monitoring program that would post weekly or monthly compliance information in the clinic websites and units, and discuss the findings with staff during regular professional meetings. Such strategies will be beneficial in encouraging the use of sinks and the understanding of the importance of detergents used with the aim of reducing hand hygiene related infections. Conclusion In summary, although it is accepted that hand hygiene is one of the most critical patient and staff safety practices in reducing infections associated with healthcare settings, there is a low compliance with the practice in many healthcare providers. Many studies have different concepts concerning the hand hygiene compliance with interventions lacking in most organizations. However, healthcare-associated infections are caused by various factors and affect millions of patients and professionals globally every year. These infections can lead to more complicated illnesses, induced long-term health complications, high cost of care forpatients and their families, the massive financial burden on the healthcare systems, prolonged hospital stay, and tragic loss of life in worst cases. Education is hence necessary for both the staff and public, with the aim of creating awareness on the basic knowledge of hand hygiene and the importance of thorough hand washing before or after handling a patie nt. Installation of sinks is also an effective strategy, as it provides easy access for hand washing, in designated places. References Alemagno, S. A., Guten, S. M., Warthman, S., Young, E., Mackay, D. S. (2010). Online Learning to Improve Hand Hygiene Knowledge and Compliance Among Health Care Worker's.Journal Of Continuing Education In Nursing,41(10), 463-471. Aunger, R., Schmidt, W. (2012).Experimental Pretesting of Hand-Washing Interventions in a Natural Setting.American Journal Of Public Health,99S405-S411. Barrow, B., Mehler, P., Price, C. (2012). A communications campaign designed to improve hand hygiene compliance and reduce infection rates.Journal Of Communication In Healthcare,2(1), 61-77. Chhapola, V., Brar, R. (2015).Impact of an educational intervention on hand hygiene compliance and infection rate in a developing country neonatal intensive care unit.International Journal Of Nursing Practice,21(5), 486-492. doi:10.1111/ijn.12283 Deyneko, A., Cordeiro, F., Berlin, L., Ben-David, D., Perna, S., Longtin, Y. (2016).Impact of sink location on hand hygiene compliance after care of patients with Clostridium difficile infection: a cross-sectional study.BMC Infectious Diseases,161-7.doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1535-x Duval, L. (2010). CNE: Continuing Nursing Education. Infection Control 101.Nephrology Nursing Journal,37(5), 485-489. Ford, E. e., Boyer, B. T., Menachemi, N., Huerta, T. R. (2014). Increasing Hand Washing Compliance With a Simple Visual Cue.American Journal Of Public Health,104(10), 1851-1856. Kingston, L. l., O'Connell, N. H., Dunne, C. P. (2017). Survey of attitudes and practices of Irish nursing students towards hand hygiene, including handrubbing with alcohol-based hand rub.Nurse Education Today,5257-62. Kotay, S., Weidong, C., Guilford, W., Barry, K., Mathers, A. J. (2017). Spread from the Sink to the Patient: In Situ Study Using Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)-Expressing Escherichia coli To Model Bacterial Dispersion from Hand-Washing Sink-Trap Reservoirs.Applied Environmental Microbiology,83(8), 1-12. doi:10.1128/AEM.03327-16 Lee, M. B., Greig, J. D. (2010). A Review of Gastrointestinal Outbreaks in Schools: Effective Infection Control Interventions.Journal Of School Health,80(12), 588-598. Lorenzi, N. (2017). Hospital plumbing system advances.Health Facilities Management,30(3), 41-44. Marques, R., Gregrio, J., Pinheiro, F., Pvoa, P., da Silva, M. M., Lapo, L. V. (2017). How can information systems provide support to nurses' hand hygiene performance? Using gamification and indoor location to improve hand hygiene awareness and reduce hospital infections.BMC Medical Informatics Decision Making,171-16.doi:10.1186/s12911-017-0410-z Mortland, S. (2012). Hospitals taking extra care in preventing infections.Crain's Cleveland Business,28(49), 7. Pan, S., Sheng, W., Tien, K., Chien, K., Chen, Y., Chang, S. (2016). Promoting a Hand Hygiene Program Using Social Media: An Observational Study.Journal Of Medical Internet Research,18(2), 1. doi:10.2196/publichealth.5101 Rahim, R. A., Barnett, T. (2013).Reducing nosocomial infection in neonatal intensive care: An intervention study.International Journal Of Nursing Practice,15(6), 580-584. doi:10.1111/j.1440-172X.2009.01800.x Stock, S. s., Tebest, R. r., Westermann, K. k., Samel, C. c., Strohbcker, B. b., Stosch, C. c., ... Redalli, M. m. (2016). Implementation of an innovative hands-on training to improve adherence to hygiene rules: A feasibility Study.Nurse Education Today,36407-411. Tsalik, E. L., Cunningham, C. K., Cunningham, H. M., Lopez-Marti, M. G., Sangvai, D. G., Purdy, W. K., ... Hendershot, E. F. (2011). An Infection Control Program for a 2011 Influenza A H1N1 Outbreak in a University-Based Summer Camp.Journal Of American College Health,59(5), 419-426. Waltman, P. A., Schenk, L. K., Martin, T. M., Walker, J. (2011). Effects of Student Participation in Hand Hygiene Monitoring on Knowledge and Perception of Infection Control Practices.Journal Of Nursing Education,50(4), 216-221. Whitcomb, K. k. (2014). Using a Multidimensional Approach to Improve Quality Related to Students Hand Hygiene Practice.Nurse Educator,39(6), 269-273.

Brave New World Religion Essays - Spirituality, Brave New World

Brave New World: Religion English Brave New World: Religion The Basis of Religion Thesis: Man's need for answers to questions that cannot be solved through known applications of science and technology has resulted in the widespread belief in religion. I. Purpose Elimination of stress Addiction to soma 1. Rioting addicts 2. Religious fanatics II Characteristics Rituals Sacrifices Offerings B. Gods Interpreters Pope Dali Lama Mustapha Mond D. Writings III. Function Explaining unknown Philosophy Supernatural Providing aid Sanctioning conduct Morals Traditions Delegating decisions The Basis of Religion In the novel "Brave New World" civilized society lives in a world of science and technology. Major changes have occurred during the future; Utopia now revolves a religion of drugs and sex. God and the cross have been replaced by Ford and the symbol T, the founder of the age of machines. Instead of Sunday church, members now attend solidarity services where morals and tradition are not learned, but rather faith is taught in the belief of hallucinations produced by a substance known as "soma." Soma has effectively replaced the belief in a higher being by its elimination of problems and stress resulting in a lack of imagination , creativity, or "soul." Yet religion can still be found in today's society because of man's continuing need for answers to questions that cannot be solved by science or technology. Religion can be regarded as the beliefs and patterns of behavior by which humans try to deal with problems and stress that cannot be solved through practical applications of science or technology. "Brave New World" deals with stress by its elimination of problems through the use of soma. As shown in the novel, the people have been addicted to soma as to the point of rioting when their supply is threatened. Their attitude can be related to religious fanatics who accomplish violent actions in the right of their religion. Present day society turns to lesser forms of expression through weekly attendance to their place of worship in hopes of a stress-free life. To overcome these limitations, society turns to the manipulation of supernatural beings and powers. Consisting of various rituals, prayers, songs, dances, offerings, and sacrifices, people try to manipulate supernatural beings to their advantage. Recipients of riches, power, and glory have often praised their Savior. These beings may be Gods and Goddesses or even ancestral spirits. In all societies there are certain individuals especially skilled at dealing with these beings and powers who assist other members of society in their ritual activities. A great amount of power can be delegated to these individuals such as the Pope or the Dali Lama. "Brave New World" has its own religious interpreter in the seven world controllers. Mustapha Mond controls the thoughts, emotions and happiness of the people under his control. By interpreting the collection of writings revealed by the higher being, high priests or priestesses can provide the answers to man's questions Religion has a number of advantages to society. Many citizens of the world often ponder many questions ranging from classroom philosophy to ghosts and goblins. Religion reduces anxiety by explaining the unknown and making it understandable, as well as provide comfort in the belief that supernatural aid is available in times of crises. Religion teaches morals and traditions, notions of right and wrong. By setting precedents for acceptable behavior, peace and harmony may be achieved. The burden of responsibility is lifted from the shoulders of mankind by transferring the weight of decision making from individuals to higher beings. In contrast to "Brave New World" present day society may seem crude and low to mighty science and technology, yet followers around the world continue practicing their faith. By believing in the Almighty during their time on earth, churchgoers hope to achieve everlasting glory and paradise in the afterlife. This can be seen in the direct relationship of the increase of religious activities in older age groups. Man refuses to believe that their time in history can be so insignificant as to be numbered in years. To escape the fear of death, man's dreams, hopes, and aspirations are held in faith and the belief of religion.

Rates of Reaction Essay Example

Rates of Reaction Essay Example Rates of Reaction Essay Rates of Reaction Essay The task that we were given was to measure the rates of reaction. I chose to measure it by changing the concentration of the reactant which will enable me to use collect a wide range of data.StrategyOur reactants were hydrochloric acid and magnesium whilst our products were hydrogen and salt.Hydrochloric acid (HCl) + Magnesium (Mg) Hydrogen (H) + Salt (MgCl)To achieve the different concentration of hydrochloric acid we used a 2 molar base concentration and then diluted it with water. For example, the 1M acid was 10ml HCl and 10ml H2O. As we were using 2M, we chose to test eight different concentrations, at 0.25 intervals as this would provide us with the necessary range of data and also, with an equal amount between each, it would make it easier for us to draw conclusions.The method that we used was: we filled up the plastic bowl with water and then also filled a measuring cylinder with water and turned it upside down with its end in the water of the bowl. It was held in place with a clamp stand. We had to ensure that there were no air bubbles in the cylinder or the measurements that we took would be inaccurate because it wouldnt have begun with zero gas in the cylinder. We placed the end of the tube and bung into the cylinder and measured out the appropriate amount of hydrochloric acid and poured it into a boiling tube. Next, we cut a strip of magnesium down to 2cm long and put it into the boiling tube, placing the bung in immediately and starting the stopwatch.We chose to see how long it took to produce 15cm3 of hydrogen because, during our preliminaries, when our original measurement was 20cm3, sometimes not enough hydrogen was produced.The measuring equipment that we used was chosen for the specific measurements that it could provide to measure out the water and acid we used a pipette as it could easily remove or add a very small measurement to exactly make up the 20ml that was the total measurement of our acid and water solution. The technique for collec ting the gas was reliable. The same person completed the same specific job in the practical which meant that the reaction times of the person with the stopwatch wasnt different each time and one person didnt shake the boiling tube to give the particles more energy to collide when they were placing the bung on, all of which would make the tests slightly more unreliable.Collecting DataWe took careful care to keep any interfering factor under control throughout the practicals by recognising them during the preliminaries that we conducted. These included the exact concentration of the acid, the exact length of the magnesium, the speed with which the bung was placed on and the temperature of the room (and consequently the solution). We were able to easily control the former three with little problems but the latter was much harder to manage. The measurements were correct to the closest millilitre and milligram that was feasibly possible as we used measuring cylinders and rulers that offe red the highest level of accuracy.In the preliminaries, we chose the person who was most suited to continually placing the bung on and as they were able to get a feel for the speed and the reactions that were required during the introductory experiments they were able to place it on at a consistent speed. This at least improved the reliability of the experiments. The temperature of the room was out of our control so the only thing that we were able to do was try and complete the tests in one session as the temperature wouldnt have varied greatly. However, we were unable to do that so instead we continued the experiments on a day which was about the same temperature.The range of our data covered 2M, which was the most that we able to do. The values tested were: 0.25M (2.5ml HCl/17.5ml H20); 0.5M (5ml HCl/15ml H20); 0.75M (7.5ml HCl/12.5ml H20); 1M (10ml HCl/ 10ml H20); 1.25M (12.5ml HCl/7.5 ml H20); 1.5M (15ml HCl/5ml H20); 1.75M (17.5 ml HCl/ 2.5ml H20) and 2M (20ml HCl). In total, we conducted twenty-four experiments as we repeated each concentration three times to ensure accuracy and reliability in the results. Also, if there were any anomalies it would have allowed us to recognise the fault almost immediately instead of only realising when we compared all the data after the practical aspect was finished. Thankfully, we did not receive any anomalies.

Case Study for ODP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 2

Case Study for ODP - Essay Example On the other hand, it is important for the patients to know their rights involved in the delivery of care to prevent misconduct and malpractices that can lead to harm. In cases of malpractice and misconduct during the delivery of care, the patients’ needs to report to the relevant authorities for appropriate actions to be undertaken (Szalados 2007, p. 318). The case study presented in an effort to exploring the legal, ethical and professional conducts surrounding it that entail confidentiality, advocacy, accountability, and consent. Thus, the paper will analyze the four legal and ethical principles in care delivery system in accordance with the case study. Ethical theory, legal issues, roles of the parties involved and relevant laws will be discussed under legal and ethical topic as well as the examination of the ethical decision-making incorporated. The philosophy of ethics has attracted the attention of many people, including researchers and experts in various fields of knowledge. In medicine, just as in sociology and other related disciplines, the term has been widely used to define appropriate behaviour of nurses and other operating department practitioners while executing their mandates (Van De Camp, Vernooij-Dassen, Grol & Bottema, 2004, p. 698). Owing to its wide application in different fields of knowledge, the term ethics has been defined differently by different people depending on their areas of specialization and contexts in question (Savage, Chilingerian & Powell, 2005, p. 21). A lot of medical literatures are in agreement with the definition provided of ethics being the philosophical discipline that studies how nurses and other operating department practitioners are expected to behave, or how to determine between right and wrong while interacting with others, especially with patients (Beauchamp & Childress, 2013, p. 36). Operating department practitioners are expected to uphold their ethical standards to ensure that their actions are in line

Ketobemidone Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ketobemidone - Research Paper Example This paper explores the synonyms of Ketobemidone, its chemical structure, its discovery and synthesis, physical and chemical properties as well as its uses. Various Names for the Compound Ketobemidone is a compound with numerous names. The compound is also using other multiple synonyms such as: 1-[4-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl]-1-propanone; Cetobemidone; Ethyl 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl ketone; Cliradon; Cliradone; Cetobemidon; Cymidon; Hoechst 10720; Ciba 7115; Ketobemidonum; 1-[4-(m-Hydroxyphenyl)-1-methyl-4-piperidyl]-1-propanone; 1-Propanone, 1-[4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methyl-4-piperidinyl]-;1-Propanone, 1-[4-(m-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methyl-4-piperidyl]-; NSC 117863; or A 21 Lundbeck1. The Chemical Structure of Ketobemidone The chemical structure of the compound is: How Ketobemidone Was Discovered and Synthesized â€Å"The history of synthetic drugs with morphine-like effect is relatively short, dating back only to 1939, when Eisleb produced the now famous 1-methyl-4-phenylpiperidine-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester.†2 Eisleb together with his colleagues first synthesized Ketobemidone in 1942 at I.G. Farbenindustrie’s laboratory at Hoechst amidst World War II. However, for many years, research had been on-going to find synthetic substances with the same structure as morphine. Small, Eddy together with their co-workers at the United States Public Health service3 worked tirelessly to find these synthetic substances with morphine-like structure. The experiments were founded on the supposition that morphine’s analgesic effect was intrinsic in dibenzofuran, phenanthrene, dibenzofuran as well as carbazole nucleus, which were identified as components of morphine. Earlier attempts were however futile with no development of any synthetic compound with desirable analgesic effect. Organic chemistry experiments rarely yield expected results and products obtained usually come by chance. The analgesic activity of 4-phenylpiperidine s was discovered by chance in 1940s in the course of research by scientists to find antispasmodic characteristics on analogues of cocaine.4 The main focus of Eisleb and Schaumann was to find an alternative compound for atropine. The researchers discovered that the compounds had high levels of analgesic properties apart from their spasmolytic properties. Carboxylic acid exhibited the best outcomes and was later sold in Germany as dolantin, which was wrongly assumed to be non-addictive. As research intensified, several other compounds with structures like morphine were developed including methadone, which was discovered in Germany during the Second World War.5 The initial study of ketobemidone became available in print in 1946 after which it took short duration before being introduced in clinical medicine. In 1954, the Economic and Social Council urged governments to stop producing and trading on ketobemidone arguing that it is a dangerous drug.6 Ketobemidone is synthesized by alkylat ion of (3-methoxyphenyl) acetonitrile with bis (2-chloroethyl) methylamine, which is then reacted with ethylmagnesiumbromide. The resulting product is then O-demethylated with hydrobromic acid to form ketobemidone. â€Å"1-Methyl-4-(m-methoxy)phenyl-4-cyanopiperidine on reaction with ethyl magnesium bromide forms ketone intermediate, which on demethylation with hydrobromic acid affords ketobemidone.†7 Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Ketobemidone Physical Properties

Newly Qualified Nurse Responsibilities

Newly Qualified Nurse Responsibilities The aim of this assignment is to discuss the global roles and responsibilities of the newly qualified nurse. The exercise will begin by briefly looking at the transition from student to nurse and thereafter outlining the basic roles of the newly qualified nurse and try to fit them into appropriate professional skills. In addition, there will be a critical examination of two roles in more detail with one of them focusing on Patient Group Directions (PGD), and justify their importance. We will then look at some legal, professional and ethical considerations before making a conclusion on the future role development of the nurse. The NMC require a student nurse to demonstrate professional and ethical practice, be competent in care delivery and care management, and show personal and professional development in order to join the register (NMC, 2010). On becoming a qualified nurse, the expectations and dynamics of relationships changes fundamentally. Suddenly the newly qualified nurse is the one who must know the answer, whether it is a query from a patient, a carer, a work colleague or a student. The newly qualified nurse will encounter many challenging situations where she or he must lead care delivery. This includes dealing with care management within the team, dealing with patients/service users, dealing with other professionals, and dealing with the required needs of the whole workplace environment. These changes require a large shift from the experience of being a student and a mentored supervised learner, so it is essential that one is equipped with all the skills required to successfully make the transition. The newly qualified nurse must demonstrate they are fit to enter the NMC register and therefore be eligible to practice as a qualified nurse. In all cases, the newly qualified nurse is seen as: Provider of care Educator Counsellor Collaborator Researcher Change Agent Patient Advocate Manager The above are typically the roles of a newly qualified nurse which can be compressed into the NMC professional skills requirements listed below: Maintaining standards of care Making ethical and legal decisions Being accountable Teamworking Teaching others Being in charge. It is recognized that there is a certain amount of overlap in these professional skills and that some concepts cross all of them, in that there are no clear lines drawn where one skill ends and another starts. For the purpose of this analysis, we will look at the issue of making ethical and legal decisions and the Patient Group Direction. Decisions and actions are taken by nurses in the course of day-to-day practice. One would not usually consider each of the skills or concepts in isolation in relation to particular incidents but would make a decision based on the factors contributing to the situation. However, when analysing any situation, in the decisions made and the actions taken, some of the individual conceptual principles may be recognized and highlighted. For example, asking a member of staff to complete a task on your behalf is delegating. This fits neatly into leadership theory and also relates to aspects of accountability. Completing a health and safety audit in the work environment might relate to management theory and responsibility taken on. Completing a review of an individuals care and setting goals for them in multidisciplinary meetings might relate to team working theory. Reporting of poor practices or environments might relate to aspects of accountability and maintaining standards of care. However, all of the above aspects could arise from analysing one situation where the nurse has to make decisions about a certain aspect of care management thus emphasizing the great importance of making ethical and legal decisions. DECISION MAKING PROCESS Nurses are problem solvers who use the nursing process as their tool. The chief goal of ethical decision-making process is to determine right and wrong in situations where clear demarcations are not apparent, and then search for the best answer. For a newly qualified nurse, the following will be a guide to making ethical decisions: State the Dilemma State dilemma clearly, determine whether the problem/decision involves the nurse or only the patient, focus attention on ethical principles and follow the clients wishes first while considering the family input in case of unconsciousness. Collect and Analyze Data Know clients and familys wishes and all information about the problem. Keep abreast of any up to date legal and ethical issues; which may also overlap. Consider Choices of Action Most ethical dilemmas have multiple solutions, some of which are more feasible than others. The more options that are identified, the more likely it is that an acceptable solution can be identified. It may require input from outside sources and other professionals such as Social workers etc. Make the Decision The most difficult part of the process is making the decision, following through with the action, and then living with the consequences. Ethical dilemmas produce differences of opinion and not every one is pleased with the decision but it must be emphasized that clients wishes always supercede the decision by health care providers but ideally, a collaborative decision is made by client, family, doctor and nurse thus producing fewer complications. Act Once a course of action has been determined, the decision must be carried out. Implementing the decision usually involves collaboration with others. Evaluate Unexpected outcomes are common in crisis situations that result in ethical dilemmas. It is important for decision makers to determine the impact an immediate decision may have on future ones. It is also important to consider whether a different course of action might have resulted in a better outcome. If the outcome accomplished its purpose, the ethical dilemma should be resolved and if the dilemma has not been resolved, additional deliberation is needed. Patient Group Direction (PGD) The legislation (Statutory Instrument, 200a) states that Patient Group Direction means in connection with the supply of a prescription only medicine a written direction relating to the supply and administration of a description or class of prescription only medicine or a written direction relating to the administration of a description or class of description only medicine, and which in the case of either is signed by a doctor and by a pharmacist; and relates to the supply and administration, or to administration, to persons generally (subject to any exclusions which may be set out in the Direction). In practice this means that a PGD, signed by a doctor and agreed by a pharmacist, can act as a direction to a nurse to supply and/or administer prescription-only medicines (POMs) to patients using their own assessment of patient need, without necessarily referring back to a doctor for an individual prescription. When can PGDs be used? The law is clear that the majority of care should be provided on an individual, patient-specific basis, and that the supply and administration of medicines under PGDs should be reserved for those situations where this offers an advantage for patient care (without compromising safety), and where it is consistent with appropriate professional relationships and accountability. The RCN interprets this to mean that PGDs should only be used to supply and/or administer POMs to homogeneous patient groups where presenting characteristics and requirements are sufficiently consistent for them to be included in the PGD e.g. infants and children requiring immunisation as part of a national programme. Which POMs can be supplied or administered under a PGD? PGDs can be used to supply and administer a wide range of POMs although there are currently legislative and good practice restrictions in relation to controlled drugs, antimicrobials and black triangle drugs. Controlled drugs The use of controlled drugs continues to be regulated under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 and associated regulations made under that Act. The Home Office has agreed to allow the supply and administration of substances on Schedule 4 (with the exclusion of anabolic steroids) and all substances on schedule 5 to be included in PGDs. Antimicrobials can be included within a PGD but consideration must be given to the risk of increased resistance within the general community. When seeking to draw up a PGD for antimicrobials, a local microbiologist should be involved and approval sought from the drug and therapeutics committee or equivalent. Black triangle drugs and medicines used outside the terms of the Summary of Product Characteristics Black triangle drugs (i.e. those recently licensed and subject to special reporting arrangements for adverse reactions) and medicines used outside the terms of the Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC) sometimes called off label use (for example, as used in some areas of specialist paediatric care) may be included in PGDs. Their use should be exceptional and justified by best clinical practice, and a direction should clearly describe the status of the products. How should PGDs be drawn up? The law (Statutory Instrument, 2000a) requires that PGDs should be drawn up by a pharmacist and the doctor who works with the nurses who will be using them. The relevant health authority should also ratify the PGD. In England, when PGDs are developed locally, HSC 2000/026 (NHSE, 2000) requires that a senior doctor and a senior pharmacist sign them off with authorisation from the appropriate health organisation, i.e. the trust, and that all nurses using the directions are specifically named within the PGD and signed by them. The RCN acknowledges this as good practice and recommends the following steps be taken throughout the UK. The NMC Standards for Medicines Management (2007) state that the administration of drugs via PGDs may not be delegated and students cannot supply or administer under a PGD. Students would however be expected to understand the principles and be involved in the process (NMC 2007). Failure to ascertain that a PGD is the most appropriate route can lead to waste of valuable time and resource and place increased risk on delivery and quality of patient care. Anyone involved with PGDs (whether developing, authorising or practising under them) should understand the scope and limitations of PGDs as well as the wider context into which they fit to ensure safe, effective services for patients. Any extension to professional roles with regard to administration and supply of medicines must take into account the need to protect patient safety, ensure continuity of care and safeguard patient choice and convenience. It also has to be cost effective and bring demonstrable benefits to patient care. Any practice requiring a PGD that fails to comply with the criteria falls outside of the Law and could result in criminal prosecution under the Medicines Act. With regard to the written instruction required for the supply and administration of medicines by non-professionals, Medicines Matters (2006) (3) clarifies that a suitably trained non-professional member of staff can only administer medicines under a Patient Specific Direction (PSD). Medicine Matters (2006) states that: Patient Specific Direction is the traditional written instruction, from a doctor, dentist, nurse or pharmacist independent prescriber, for medicines to be supplied or administered to a named patient. The majority of medicines are still supplied or administered using this process. There is nothing in legislation to prevent PSDs being used to administer medicines to several named patients e.g. on a clinic list. PSDs are a direct instruction and therefore do not require an assessment of the patient by the health care professional instructed to supply or administer the medicine. Pharmacy Only (P) and General Sales List (GSL) Medicines Medicines legislation states that a PGD is not required to administer a P or GSL medicine. The use of a simple protocol is advisable for best practice and from a governance perspective. All medicines administered must be recorded in the patients medical record. Where a GSL medicine is to be supplied it must be taken from lockable premises and supplied in a pre-pack which is fully labelled and meets the GSL requirements. A PGD will be necessary for the supply of P medicines by anyone other than a registered pharmacist. Recommend further advice to be sought from a pharmacist. (Ref: NPC PGDs 2004). For safe administration of drugs, the newly qualified nurse must give the right dose of the right drug to the right patient in the right route at the right time. When giving medications, the nurse needs to be aware of possible interactions between the patients different drugs. It is the nurses responsibility to protect the patient from harm. If they think the wrong drug or the wrong dose has been ordered, they must ask for help from the nurse or the doctor in charge. The newly qualified nurse needs to know the doses of the drug which are safe to administer. Sometimes the pharmacy gives out drugs in grams when the order specifies milligrams, or the other way around. They need to know how to convert these. It is important to know what types of dilemmas newly qualified nurses may face during their careers and how they may deal with it. It is also important for nurses to understand what malpractice is and how they may protect themselves from a malpractice suit. Firstly, it is important to understand the difference between law and ethics. Ethics examines the values and actions of people. Often times, there is no one right course of action when one is faced with an ethical dilemma. On the other hand, laws are binding rules of conduct. When laws are broken, it is punishable by an authority. There are four types of situations that pertain to law and ethics. The first would be an action that is both legal and ethical. An example of this would be a nurse carrying out appropriate doctors orders as ordered. A nurse may also be faced with an action that may be ethical but not legal, such as allowing a cancer patient to smoke marijuana for medicinal purposes. The opposite may arise where an action may be legal but not ethical. Finally, an action may be neither legal nor ethical. For example, when a nurse makes a medication error and does not take responsibility to report to it appropriately. The right of service users to expect practitioners to act in their best interests is reinforced by professional codes of conduct and legislation such as the Mental Health Act. It is also reflected in equality of opportunity legislations such as the Sex Discrimination Act and the Race Relation Act, which aim to ensure that everybody has equal access to and is offered equal care by health and social care service. Patients right to confidentiality under statutory duties is stipulated in the Data Protection Act, Article 8 European Convention of Human Rights, Access to Personal Files Act 1987 and Access to Health Record Acts 1990. The code does require that nurses must disclose information if they believe someone may be at risk of harm in line with the law. As a nurse, respecting autonomy means you must effectively communicate with patients, be truthful, enable patients to make decisions freely, provide appropriate information and accept the patients preferences. Legally, patients must be given enough information to make a balanced judgement however we must be aware that if nurses fail to comply with the legal duty of disclosure, they could face a negligence claim. However, under the principle of therapeutic privilege they can legally withhold information that they think will harm the patient Some patients whether children or adults are unable either to make or to communicate their decisions therefore they lack (or have limited) capacity. The Mental Capacity Act 2005 that create and clarifies the common law on consent in England and Wales, affects everyone aged 16 and over, and provides a statutory framework to empower and protect people who may not be able to make some decisions for themselves. The moral justifications for acting without consent are the principles of beneficence (the duty to do good) and non-maleficence (the duty to do no harm). Paternalism is overriding someones autonomy because you think it is for their own good. However, it is justifiable if we can demonstrate that the patient is at risk of significant, preventable harm, or the action will probably prevent the harm, or the patients capacity for rational reflection is either absent or significantly impaired, or at a later time, it can be assumed that the patient will approve of the decision taken on his/her behalf, or the benefits to the patient of intervention outweigh the risks. Also, we live in a society where demands for accountability and taking responsibility are so commonplace that pinning the blame on someone or something has become almost a fad. The NHS culture of blame has developed basically because no one wants to be accountable or responsible for actions or omissions hence there are no longer any accidents or mistakes. Principles of beneficence and non-maleficence underpin the concept of fault which lies at the heart of negligence law. Beneficence means that you must act in ways that benefit others (i.e. duty to care), and Non-maleficence means that you have a duty not to harm others nor subject them to risk of harm. Every nursing intervention that aims to benefit patients may at the same time also harm them. Sometimes the harm will be unavoidable or even intentional and at other times it can be unintentional and unexpected, therefore it is appropriate to think about the principles of non-maleficence and beneficence together in order to balance harm and benefits against each other. We can resolve this problem responsibility and accountability. These words are sometimes used interchangeably because they do overlap but in actual fact they do not mean the same thing. Being responsible can mean that it is your job or role to deal with something and/or that you have caused something to happen. Accountability on the other hand is about justifying your action or omissions and establishing whether there are good enough reasons for acting in the way you did. Even where the newly qualified nurse delegate tasks to others, such as nursing auxiliaries or care assistants she/he is accountable to the patients through a duty of care, underpinned by a common-law duty to promote safety and efficiency, and legal responsibility through civil law, the employer as defined by your contract of employment, the profession as stated in the relevant codes of conduct and the public. Conclusion All newly qualified nurses were faced with assumptions from others that they should know everything. This was also a high expectation they had of themselves. In meeting the NMC standards of proficiency the nurse should have demonstrated the relevant knowledge and skills in order to practise in their relevant specialized fields. However, it is important to recognize that not every nurse knows everything about everything in their field, especially if they are practising in highly specialized fields. What they need is to be able to develop and adapt to changing situations. Therefore, for the nurse it is impossible to know everything, but they should have developed the skills to find out relevant information, reflect on it, and apply this to their practice. In essence they should have learned how to learn. There is a great deal to be learned once qualified, especially related to a nurses new area of work and a good deal of the development needs to take place on the job.

Is Flag Burning protected under the First Amendment? :: Persuasive, Exemplification Essay

Is Flag Burning protected under the First Amendment?          There is a proposed amendment to make flag burning illegal. Congress tried to pass the Flag Protection Act of 1989, but the act failed because it is seen as a form of public protection.   There have been other attempts to pass legislation to protect the American flag but all of the attempts have failed so far.    Flag burning is very controversial because people have different definitions of what â€Å"freedom of speech† means and what our flag stands for. This essay explores these definitions from the proponent’s viewpoint for a law protecting the flag and the opponents view point against such a law. The most debated question being asked at this time is:   is flag burning protected under the First Amendment guaranteeing the freedom of speech? It all depends on how a person defines the flag and interprets the First Amendment.    In order to help answer this question let’s being by defining what a flag is. The proponents (veterans, Citizens Flag Alliance, and other organizations of this type) of the amendment for protection of the flag define the flag as a â€Å"cultural artifact with meaning significance, and usage determined by the particular system employing it (Guenter 18).† Some flag historians have recognized the impact of culture on the shifting significance and usage of the national banner, although no one has ventured a full-scale probe of the subject (Guenter 16). The flag in the beginning was a symbol of freedom and enlightenment. The flag design has even changed. The very first flag contained thirteen stars that were in a circle with the red and white stripes. As the nation grew so did the flag, until the flag became what we know of it today.    The proponents also feel that, the flag should never be used for advertising purposes in any manner whatsoever (www.legion.org/flagcode.htm). It should not be embroidered on such articles as cushions or handkerchiefs and the like, printed or otherwise impressed on paper napkin or boxes or anything that is designed for temporary use and discard (www.legion.org/flagcode.htm). Advertising signs should not be fastened to a staff or halyard from which the flag is flown. No part of the flag should ever be used as a costume or athletic uniform (www.legion.org/falgcode.htm).      However, a flag patch may be affixed to the uniform of military personnel, firemen, policemen, and members of patriotic organizations.

Future of Marketing: Recent Trends, Emerging Issues & Future Outlook Essay

Marketing decisions are an important part of the management practice. Large-scale databases and applications are methods that have increased tremendously over the years. â€Å"In the twenty-first century we expect that marketing managers will increasingly customize products and services and the supporting marketing programs.† (Leeflang & Wittnk, 2000) There have been several areas that have advanced in the future of marketing. Most organizations have customized services and products to customers’ needs and wants. This has become a normal activity in order to stay competitive in today’s market. A guest editorial written by Naresh K. Malhotra explains that â€Å"leading scholars from several different areas of marketing were invited to contribute† to answer such questions as â€Å"What have we learned? What gaps remain? Is marketing as a discipline well positioned to meet the challenges of the next century? What future directions should marketing take?† (Malhotra, 1999) These questions are vital to refine the present theories in order to meet future challenges in marketing. Marketing research is a useful tool in checking how things are going as well as to find out if there are any unanticipated problems that may arise. Finding any gaps in marketing is also found by research and can help in the implementation of new technology of the future. Knowing how to attract more potential cliental is a direction that marketing needs to take in order to stay competitive in the global market. Implementing a gap analysis will help in finding out if there are any gaps in the marketing of any product. This analysis will identify what needs to be addressed and how to address the issue. This will also help in finding the type of market the product should be marketed. The analysis will also help in meeting the challenges of the next century and what direction the company needs to take in marketing their product. â€Å"The 20th century saw considerable advances in both marketing theory and practice.† (Taylor, 2000) At the end of the century, important research developed that has advanced knowledge in several areas that include relationship marketing, international marketing, and marketing services to name a few. But the introduction of cyberspace has been the largest emerging issue in marketing. With the internet becoming very useful to the consumer, these users have increased sales dramatically. â€Å"However, keeping up with the rapid advances in technology will be a challenge for marketing researchers for years to come.† (Taylor, 2002) Notably there are a few areas that have realized that â€Å"In today’s environment, customer share should replace market share, customer managers should replace brand managers, and customer profitability should replace product profitability. With the vast increases in information technology it is now possible to apply these ideas in consumer markets. Financial service and transportation firms appear to be making steady progress in this direction.† (Leeflang & Wittnk, 2000) Take for an example, our public transportation here in Pinellas County. Just recently this organization has placed investigators onboard these busses to ask customers questions on how the service is and what improvements should be done. In the last couple of months there have been a few new bus routes added to accommodate new customers in areas that haven’t had any bus routes before. The future of marketing today has a few bumps to overcome. One is in the academic field, where there is a concern whether academic classes are closing the gap from the past to the future and the other is marketing through the internet. The role of academic marketing helps in the theory and methods in the practice of marketing in the future. â€Å"There is an alarming and growing gap between the interests, standards, and priorities of academic marketers and the needs of marketing executives operating in an ambiguous, uncertain, fast-changing, and complex marketspace.† (Dekimpe & Hanssens, 2000) This growing gap is becoming damaging to the marketing long-term outcome for the future. The future of business schools is to advance the practice of business, practice of marketing which includes its impact on business strategy, the businesses success and society’s ability to address these challenges, and should become a part of the decision in advancement in the marketing field. With the education that business schools provide, the decisions on relevant issues and making a difference in the practice of the marketing student. This is one field that the future of marketing needs to work on in order to have educated personnel. It is unfortunate that the academics field of marketing doesn’t seem to advance quickly in the information provided, but the future can hold new information as the marketing field continues to grow and have more models to give illustrations. The future â€Å"for the whole marketing academic community to work on relevant business problems is an easier path to undertake after tenure has been achieved than before, at least until the structural changes are in place.† (Reibstein, Day & Wind, 2009) This is well said and does show that the future in marketing academics is going to be something to take into consideration for any future business major The future of marketing should provide more emphasis on societal research. â€Å"There are three further issues that merit consideration: (1) intrinsic research characteristics and constraints, (2) research receptivity by the journal reviewers today, and (3) personal motivation and purpose.† (Wilkie & Moore, 2012) All of the above considerations are based on facts, theories, methods and applications learned. Studying marketing in society will offer many opportunities and careers that will invite future marketers to pursue. Online marketing is another form of marketing for the future. This form of strategy allows the organization to â€Å"demonstrate the growing power of online communities in building brand reputations and customer relationships.† (Harris & Rae, 2009) When first introduced, the internet only provided customers to view the organizations web site. Now social networks advertise products for companies worldwide. Social networks such as YouTube and Facebook use company’s advertisements to provide a free service to those networks clients, and to help the companies that advertise to market their product. Social networking is changing the way businesses and their customers relate to one another. Social networking does have a good side and a bad side. On the good side of social networking, a company can offer a means where customers can write a review of the company’s product and other customers are able to read these reviews. This can lead to more customers providing that the reviews are positive. The bad side of social networking is criticism of the customer service provided by the company. If a customer had a bad experience, they would post that experience to the company’s blog or to an online community such as www.getsatisfaction.com. This website provides a forum for customers to raise questions or to complain about a wide range of companies resulting in discussions displayed for other inquirers to search and view. The only thing wrong with this site is if the company doesn’t monitor this site and give input to the complaint, the company may look to the consumer as hiding something. Although this is all new and still in the beginning stages, social networking can be a very useful new tool for organizations in the future. . References Dekimpe, M. G., & Hanssens, D. M. (2000). Time-series models in marketing: Past, present and future. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 17(2-3), 183-193. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8116(00)00014-8 Harris, L., & Rae, A. (2009). Social networks: the future of marketing for small business. Journal of Business Strategy, 30(5), 24-31. doi: 10.1108/02756660910987581 Leeflang, P. S. H., & Wittnk, D. R. (2000). Building models for marketing decisions:: Past, present and future. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 17(2-3), 105-126. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8116(00)00008-2 Malhotra, N. K. (1999). Guest editorial: The past, present, and future of the marketing discipline. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science., 27(2), 116-119. doi: 10.1177/0092070399272001 Reibstein, D. J., Day, G., & Wind, J. (2009). Guest editorial: Is marketing academia losing its way?. American Marketing Association, 73(4), 1-3. doi:10.1509/jmkg.73.4.1 Taylor, C. R. (2000 ). Emerging issues in marketing. (6 ed., Vol. 17, pp. 441-447). New York: John Wiley & Sons. Wilkie, W., & Moore, E. (2012). Expanding our understanding of marketing in society. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40(1), 53-73. doi: 10.1007/s11747-011-0277-y

Iwt1-Task-1 Essay - 899 Words

IWT1 Task 1 000251565 Polly A. Welch Impressionism and Post Impressionism In Paris in the late 19th century (1874-1882), several artists who called themselves the Anonymous Society of Painters, Sculptors, Printmakers, etc. organized an exhibit that launched the movement called Impressionism. These artists, such as Eduoard Manet, Edgar Degas, Claude Monet, Pierre Auguste Renoir, and Mary Cassatt, sparked worldwide following and revolutionized Western conceptions of painting. Appearing to other artists to be a group, these independent painters with quite diverse artistic approaches, were only unified in their rejection by the official annual Salon (the Acadà ©mie des Beaux-Arts which is a French academic organization that†¦show more content†¦The renovated city became a popular subject for Impressionists such as Camille Pissarro and Gustave Caillebotte. During this period, factories for manufacturing consumer goods were increasing. Fashion was becoming more prevalent in society and industry was being revolutionized. Directly affecting impressi onism were scientific advances such as better quality brushes and synthetic paint pigments that became available. Post-Impressionism came about later in 19th century (1880-1890s) France. During that time, Edouard Vuillard, Pierre Bonnard, and Maurice Denis, members of a group of experimental artists known as the Nabis, played a significant role in the revival of decorative painting. Their experimentation with the arrangement of line and color was meant to function as a visual equivalent of nature without replicating its appearance. They also hoped to reassert the role of paint in decorating interior living spaces. Influenced by Impressionists use of color, yet pushing the appearance of nature, especially stressing high-keyed color, they developed bold new styles using innovative brushwork and emphasizing geometric shapes and figures. These techniques are known as Divisionism or Pointillism and they contrast significantly with the short, spontaneous canvases of Impressionism. Cont ributing to these developments were the likes of Vincent Van Gogh, Paul Gaugin, and George Seurat. These techniques later influenced many abstract painters of the early 20thShow MoreRelatedWgu Iwt1 Task 11405 Words   |  6 PagesFUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS, METHODS, MODES IN THE HUMANITIES – Task 1 A1 - Renaissance The Renaissance period began in Italy around 1300 and spread throughout Europe during the 1400 and 1500’s. This period signified the beginning path to incredible change in customs, ways of life and institutions that had existed in Europe for almost a thousand years. Many of the new ideas of this period still influence our lives today. The beginning of this period the European countryside was broken up intoRead MoreIwt1 Task 1 Wgu Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesIWT1 Task 1 Impressionism and Post Impressionism By WGU student In early 19th century, the French government controlled the academies and salons of paintings. The impressionism took place in second half of 19th century, which was results of French artists rejecting the traditional government sanctioned academic painting that was dominating their arts at the time. The first independent art exhibition was held in 1874 for one month. Few of the famous artists’ who participated and help organizeRead MoreA Brief Note On Impressionism And Post Impressionism958 Words   |  4 PagesIWT1 Task 1 Impressionism and Post Impressionism By WGU student In early 19th century, the French government controlled the Academies des Beaux-Arts and Salon de Paris of paintings. The Academies were considered the ruling authority and held annual art exhibits called salons. The salons featured works of art that conformed to their standards. In the second half of the 19th century, Impressionism began which was a result of French artists rejecting traditional government and their standards. In 1874Read MoreComparison of Two Historical Art Periods1131 Words   |  5 Pages Comparison of Two Historical Art Periods: Middle Ages (Gothic) and Renaissance Architecture Christina Plunkett Western Governors University IWT1 Humanities Task 1 Gothic style came about in the middle of the twelfth century. It was named after the Goths that controlled France during that time. It was developed as a result of Christian ideals. Christian leaders wanted big, tall, ornate churches to represent their strong faith. Later it was also used for non-religious buildings